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Abolitionism, African American, Black, Civil and political rights, Civil Rights, Civil Rights Movement, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Jim Crow laws, John Brown, Martin Luther King, Racism, Underground Railroad, United States
The Past, Prologue,[1] and Publicity in the Civil Rights Struggle
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The struggle for Civil Rights in the United States began when the first Africans fought, resisted, or rebelled against the enslavement of their people. Their quest for civil rights was a mission to pursue for themselves the prevailing human rights of equality and democracy. This was a driving force for the work of Harriet Tubman who abetted enslaved Africans in their effort to free themselves via the Underground Railroad to John Brown’s role in “Bloody Kansas” and the raid on Harper’s Ferry. Early civil rights struggle includes Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass who perceptibly understood the mass media, and used the power of the press, through newspapers like The North Star, to advance the cause of freedom.
“Come Let’s Make Modern History.”[2]
The Abolitionist and modern Civil Rights movements represent one trajectory, interconnected in countless ways. While they are part of the same African liberatory theme, one of the most important examples is the use of the media. The mass media of the 1800s included Abolitionist literature, produced by organizations (anti-slavery societies) or individuals (David Walker, The Appeal…), was comprised of tracts, pamphlets, books, novels, educational texts, poetry and prose, speeches, philosophical treatises, petitions, letters and legal papers. Abolitionist writings also included newspaper articles, editorials and organizational documents (agenda, announcements, by-laws, etc.). These materials influenced and impacted the decisions of government leaders and fueled legislative debates. The abolitionist writings gave support and encouragement to those already dedicated to the cause. The materials produced a discussion between northerners and southerners that caused politics and government leaders to critically consider, clearly define, and make known their positions. For southerners in particular, the abolitionist literature, which was considered controversial and incendiary, caused them to react to the issue of slavery, forcing them to “take the defensive” position in support of the American system of slavery. These materials challenged state policies, and in compelling the revelation of proslavery ideology, revealed the flaws in their argument; and publically situated them as amoral, unethical, and insensitive to the rights of African humanity, and against the democratic ideals the nation was founded upon.
American Apartheid and the Signs to Conquer
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U.S. efforts towards Reconstruction (1865-1877), including the seminal constitutional amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments), failed to make progress toward racial equality. The slave codes had evolved into black codes, which morphed into Jim Crow. The Supreme Court, in Plessy vs. Ferguson (163 U.S. 537 [1896]) adopted the racial segregationist policy of “separate but equal” institutions which further eroded established laws protecting Blacks and solidified the Jim Crow laws and social customs upholding racial discrimination. Among other mechanisms to support these laws was racist signage (a small example of segregationist publicity) that informed individuals and communities that Black rights were restricted: i.e. “Theatre For Colored People,” public bathrooms and water fountains marked “colored” and “white,” “colored waiting rooms,” and “No Dogs, Negros, Mexicans.” Decades later, images of racist signage would be available for national and worldwide display. Images of Racist signage, now a part of Americana and Black Americana collectibles, can be found at the “Photographs of Signs Enforcing Racial Discrimination: Documentation by Farm Security Administration (The Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/085_disc.html). However, the separatist idea persists; there are also several reports of contemporary “colored only” signs publically posted, particularly at college campuses (see http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Colored-Only-Sign-Posted-Over-NY-College-Drinking-Fountain-134028098.html).
“Conscious Of The Critical Juncture Of History…”[3]
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The strategies that informed the success of the modern Civil Rights movement in the late 1950s through the 1960s included several approaches—especially the NAACP’s legal strategy (through Charles Hamilton Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and many others), that resulted in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas in 1954; and the nonviolent Civil Disobedience inspired by SCLC and the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Like their ancestors before them in the Abolitionist cause, African Americans risked their lives to bring about equality and they were joined by many white citizens as well. People organized, boycotted, carpooled, sat-in, educated (freedom schools), marched (en masse), and were arrested with great force (tear gas, batons, water hoses, dogs, etc.); fully aware that the press was watching, recording, and reporting (through television, radio, newspapers and magazines). Photographers and videographers captured the activities of protestors and the actions of anti-integrationists at Selma, Birmingham, and the March on Washington.
The national mass media documented large numbers of armed federal and state troops, marshals, as well as FBI agents, sent to protect small numbers of Black youths attempting to integrate southern schools (prominent examples include James Meredith, The Little Rock Nine, etc.). They were also dispatched to contain large gatherings of white citizens in their effort to harass and halt Black students. We also have media images of voting rights workers who also risked arrest, violence—and even death in their attempts to register Blacks for participation at the polls. Representing nearly half the population of Mississippi, African Americans could not register to vote (more than 90% unregistered). This public exposure, similar to that of their abolitionist forbears, caused impassioned discussions and debates, inspired people to join the cause, and gave hope and inspiration to those who had been in the struggle all of their lives. The Civil Rights Acts of 1964, 1965 and 1968, and the 24th amendment to the constitution outlawing poll taxes, were in part, a result of the heightened pressure emanating from the intensive media coverage. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson were particularly concerned about the outlets broadcasting the violence meted out against, sometimes resulting in the murders of, Civil Rights workers (i.e. the KKK murders of Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney in Mississippi, Medgar Evers). The use of national mass media exposed the truth about the lives of Blacks, and placed the old South “on the wrong side of history.” In today’s Occupy America movement we are particularly reminded that “What’s past is prologue,” and that historical consciousness is most needed at times when justice is ephemeral.
Dr. Katherine Bankole-Medina
[1] The English playwright William Shakespeare crafted the phrase “What’s past is prologue,”( which is widely used in modern discourse), in The Tempest, (Act 2, Scene I, “Whereof what’s past is prologue; what to come, In yours and my discharge.” ) The Tempest, like other works of Shakespeare has considerable import to colonization, with racial connotations, and issues of enslavement.
[2] Eveline Marius from “Let’s make History,” quoted in The Black Woman’s Gumbo Ya-Ya edited by Terri L. Jewell, California: The Crossing Press, 1993 (p.83).
[3] From “The Million Man March/Day of Absence Mission Statement,” by Maulana Karenga, in Molefi Kete Asante and Abu Abarry’s, The African Intellectual Heritage A Book of Sources. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996 (p. 781).
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Malcolm X
In class, we covered Malcolm X, and read how he toured around the country speaking to different Universities. However, one University stands out, and holds a special meaning, inspiring a generation to change their views in this time of counter-culture. The “Civil Rights,” movement was well on its way when Malcolm, was invited to speak at Howard University, on February 14, 1961. This was “Negro History Week” founded by historian named Cater G. Woodson’s, later to be expanded into Black History Month in 1976. Malcolm, visited would cause uproar among the administration on campus. They cancelled the visit and the debate grew into frustration. E. Franklin Frazier, well respected author of “Black Bourgeoisie,” and acted as a mediator persuaded the authority to allow Malcolm to speak in a debate forum. This allowed the political cover the University needed therefore, given a face of two views. He would once again spar against Bayard Rustin. Malcolm electrified the crowd and recruited new members.
Marble, M. (2011). MACOLM X A LIFE OF REINVENTION. New York: Viking Penguin, Penguin Goups (USA) Inc.
I do agree with David Pitts, Malcolm X had a way with the crowd. He manage to feed off of African American aggression, and at times his strategies were not always peaceful. I believe to gain media support and publicity is not to be seen. For example, today with occupy wall street a organize revolt yet people are being baldly injured or fired from there jobs because of there partcipation in the movement. I thought the idea of social reform was to make a change not to be killed. Malcolom had a voice that many agreed with including myself, however, back then I dont believe I would had followed him in his efforts to promote change as I would someone like Dr.King. As for the quote itself “What’s past is prologue” it’s meaning is history influences, and sets the nature for, the present is true because as of today, society still struggles with social reforms and civil laws.
Malcom X definitely had a way with the crowd. He got his point across through aggression, and he had many people who agreed with his way of going about things. MLK had more of peaceful approach but still got his point across and whatever MLK was doing was working because as we went over in class he got arrested a numerous amount of times by the police. Also I found it extreme that they separated many public areas for a very long time. The images I saw in class were very disturbing. White people always had better sitting areas, drinking areas, bathrooms ect. They had signs that read FOR COLORED ONLY or WHITE USE ONLY
During this time in history, there was a number of different people going around speaking and attempting to make change. However, like my fellow classmates have pointed out, Malcom X seemed to be able to get the greatest amount of result from the individuals that he spoke amongst. Malcom X didn’t just speak at the people that he addressed, he also had the ability to get the crowd involved in whatever he was speaking about. His audience responded to the things that he said not only simply by vocal response, but also by laughter and applauding. In Malcom X’s “By Any Means Neccessary” speech, he used the phrase “you and I” repeatedly. By this, he made himself equal to his audience and allowed them to feel comfortable. After many of the people whom Malcom X spoke to heard him speak, they began to be interested in what ways that they could help and be able to reach the much needed change for the African American community.
Civil Rights had relevance, but as i see today, i feel that the fight went completely the opposite direction. who wants to be equal to their oppressor? does that not make you a wanna be oppressor? if all that energy of intergration was channelled to something like Marcus Garvey had in mind ,we as africans would have been in different circumstances. We are now in a sea of destruction and lack unity as seen in civil rights. we have high mortality rates,addiction,unemployment,incarceration,and poverty.
This history lesson and likewise other lessons we have discussed within this semester bring with it so much knowledge & conviction. The Civil Rights era I suppose had to be a very exciting and fearful time for all persons that were impacted. It has been said that desperate people do desperate things, I think this is the case…that persons would look pass and above their own personal fears and see that the conditions that their forefathers and present living situation were no longer acceptable or tolerable. I don’t know if I can ever fully comprehend all of the sacrifices, endurance and tenacity of persons known and unknown that believed in themselves and the future of their children with such conviction that they fought against ALL odds and persevered. This class has completely and totally given me a clearer perception of the transitions and occurrences of Black History. Much like being taught by someone who actually encountered these prejudices “first hand” (i.e. parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents), this teaching experience has bought life and awareness to all that has be foretold and more. I really appreciate it! Thanks so much.
After taking this course and learning about how many people fought for civil rights while putting their own lives and the lives of their families on the line, I have come to realize that we as a people have come along way. Although, we are not where we thought we would be and still have a long way to go, we are way better off then we were years and years ago. I do believe that things, if planned and executed better, would have us at a better place with our civil rights. We have had our fair share of leaders and representatives, both known and unknown, to force the issue of civil rights and equality of all mankind but what next? Better yet I should ask who next? We have alot of freedoms that our ancestors did not have and it seems that alot of us aren’t really that interested in the fight and don’t even know what we are fighting for. I feel as though I should atleast try to find out more about our history, beyond this class, and keep myself updated with what is going on in the world with my people.
I feel blessed to know that people who I never met and will never get the chance to meet had such a broad scope for people that they thought enough to chance their livelihood to make our world just that much more better. Civil rights ended up being something that is kinda close to me and I didn’t even know it. In 1952, Briggs vs. Eliot was the 1st case of five cases to lead to the Supreme Court case Brown vs. Board of Education. My great grandmother, Ester L. Singleton was one of 20 people to sign a petition that led to this case. To know that my great grandmother possibly had the same fears and risks that so many others had made me cry. I cried because in her I saw a leader, a revolutionary, a visionary and above all someone who just wanted to be treated as a human being. To know that she is part of the reason why I can sit in classroom and write, learn and become an intelligent woman it makes me glad that she is connected to me.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott
(My great grandmother is on the front row, the third person from the right)
I think it is amazing how black students back then went through dangerous circumstances just to go to school. They were harassed and taunted day by day by white people that we’re against their decision of going to racially integrated schools. The fight that they put up for a better education really makes me appreciate the “harassing and taunting” free education that i am receiving today.
Overall, the things that African Americans went through were horrible. The way signs and bathrooms were distinguised was just plain evil and hatred. Thankfully we had heros like Martin Luther and King, Malcom X,Rosa Parks and Marcus Garvey to speak up for black americans. Some of there ways and actions created alot of violence but; that told everyone that they did not care and that blacks should be treated equally just like the white americans. It upsets me everytime I read about things that happened back in those times. We had to fight for so much that the white people did not even take serious. Just to know that these heros stood up for what they believed in; not knowing that they will be assassinated at any given time makes me happy. They are the reason for all the rights that blacks have today.
The Civil Rights movement was a very harsh time for blacks. I cant believe how much we had to go through as a people just to go to school or even drink from a decent water fountain. When I think about all of the things our ancestors had to go through it makes me sad because a lot of my peers don’t even appreciate or think twice about the rights that we have today. I truly do believe that white people were jealous of black people because of how strong we were and how much we stuck together despite how much they tried to tear us down.
Taking this course has really opened my eyes to see the truth about our history. I never realized how much was left out of the history books that we used in high school. I can’t imagine the how hard it must’ve been to change how you look and feel at yourself during a time when everyone told you that you nothing. To constantly hear that from everyone could’ve easily caused African Americans of that time to internalize those thought and accept them as reality. Thank God they decided that being treated as less than human was unacceptable. Even though people like Malcolm X, Martin Luther King had different opinions, they had the common goal of equality and respected each other.
Reflecting on how they began to change the normality of society by first changing their view of themselves and spreading the word through publications, public speeches and movements, and finally uniting to show the world how strong a degraded people can be, really gives me hope for my generation. I think that if every young person could get a full understanding of our history they would realize that there is no excuse for not following your dreams and trying your very hardest at everything. They fought so hard to receive the rights that we now take for granted. I’m so grateful for everything they did and that I had the opportunity to learn about it.
i cant imagine going to seperate bathrooms or not being able to eat at certain resturants because of my color. Or being tourmented just because i want to recieve the best education. If we didnt have leaders such as dr martin luther king and several others who wasnt afraid to voice what was right then where would we be? These leaders spoke about us, the people and motivated each and every person to stand up and make change possible. our leader were spirtually and politically correct and was ready for anything. no was not an option, and thats hows it should be today.
Where do we go from here? Chaos or Community was one of the last books written by Dr. Martin Luther King. The title of this book is prophetic in reference to the question it asks. It seems to me that prior to and during the civil rights movement African Americans still had what can be considered a community. Since the assimilation into white society through integration what once was a unified black community has turned into hoods instead of neighborhoods. What made the white mans water fountain better than ours for us to want to drink out of his so bad. I don t take for granted the sacrifices that were made for us by Dr King and others but due to integration it seems like the black community is in more chaos than communal.
Just as mention in the start of the blog, Africans have struggle for equal rights in America long before people like Dr King and Malory X were known. In this course we have looked at various parts of African history. In doing so you can see that the desire of blacks to have equal rights as whites has always been there. Knowing that slavery has existed for hundreds of years . Shouldn’t we ask why it took so long for blacks to receive any rights at all? Life in America now for people of African descent can not compare to the times in the past . To get where we are today many fought and even more died. We should take more pride in what we have and utilize what our ancestors have made for us .
I think the civil rights movement was a must to get the world to see that all people should be treated equally. The movement tactics were impressive because all the hatred that blacks had to endure trying to get equal rights so they could sit and eat in establishment for whites, they still manage to keep dignity and self-respect. If today society really had a clue to the real stuggles that African American went though then they would learn to be more respectful of each other and stop all the hate we have for our on people.
I WONDER HOW LONG WE WILL HAVE TO CONTINUE TO FIGHT AGAINST RACIAL PREJUDICES. PEOPLE STILL HATE US. EVERY TIME THE UNITED STATES OPENS THE DOOR TO LET IN NEW IMMIGRANTS THEY ALWAYS PUT THEM AHEAD OF US. THEY CAN JUST COME RIGHT IN, BECOME CITIZENS AND DON’T HAVE TO STRUGGLE LIKE US TO GET A PIECE OF THE SO CALLED ‘AMERICAN PIE’ WHERE IS THE EQUALITY IN THAT? WE ARE STILL FIGHTING SO MANY INJUSTICES TODAY, LIKE HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT AND BELIEVE ME THEIR IS A TINGE OF PREJUDICES IN THE HIRING PRACTICES DURING THIS TIME OF UNCERTAINTY. THERE ARE STILL MANY STRUGGLES AND BATTLES THAT BLACKS HAVE TO OVERCOME IN THIS EVIL WORLD. PREJUDICE, INJUSTICE, INEQUALITY, SEGREGATION AND MANY OTHTER INJUSTICES ARE STILL ALIVE IN THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF THOSE WHO CREATED THIS MONSTER; THEY HAVE JUST PASSED IT ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION!
Gari McIntyre
The civil rights movement a movement is NOT over it is still going on pleaging our children and effecting out youth. It saddens me to even think of the struggles that African American as a race have went through but to still have an African American president speaks a lot of our race but the movement is not over or limited to just African Americans. People argue the start but I believe the second that African where taken from Africa, stripped of their land and homage began this movement. Civil rights are rights of equality. This promotes an argument shouldn’t every person be born with rights of equality? African Americans and other minorities have been stripped of that right for centuries. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, was the highlight of this movement. But again there where struggles before this time for example incidents like Jim Crow laws and black codes. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans. Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955–1956 in Alabama; “sit-ins” such as the influential Greensboro sit-ins 1960 in North Carolina; marches, such as the Selma to Montgomery marches 1965 in Alabama; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities. Though majority of these where non-violence whites a white supremacists brough on the violence and beat shot hung killed African Americans as well as white supporters.
Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement were passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964, that banned discrimination based on “race, color, religion, or national origin” in employment practices and public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that restored and protected voting rights the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, that dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional European groups; and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, that banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and across the country young people were inspired to action. Even though all these acts where in place that didn’t mean that it would be enforced. Some places still discriminate to this day. In Baltimore city this is one of the most segregated cities in the country. It is grand how far we have come as a country and how much we have accomplished but sad how much further that we have to go.
The civil rights movement was good but not the best thing that could have happened for blacks. The leaders like MalcomX wanted what was best the blacks in the long run not just a bandaid. That’s why he asked for complete separation.They should have fought for equality not integration, but the whites would not agree because they would not that feeling of superiority. Let’s look at it this way, if we have the same funding for our schools, our teachers have the same trainning, we would not have to beg them to let our kids go to the same schools with their kids. They cant have that. The system was designed to always make us feel that we need something from them.
I feel that MLK was a men that was sent by God who had a purpose and set out to do that purpose without harming anyone. He put up a fight a good one at that! No matter how he and African Americans was treated him and others conquer what pay the way for us today! I love my people and what they done for me my eye are open now and there is no excuse for us African American to fail.
These are awesome comments, I agree with them all. KBM
I think that this is the section i have been waiting for all semester. I wanted to get a better grasp on the real “truth behind everything. I onced asked my grandmother if she ever participated in the sit-ins because she is from Nashville, Tennessee. She told me that since having been raised by her older sisters that she was not allowed to be apart of “all that” as she so eliquently put it. She did say that my grandfather had participated in one and had even gotten himself arrested. I sometimes wish i could go back in time and video tape everything that happened back then. I also thought that my mom had been named Lorrain after the motel where MLK was assasinated but another unfortunate truth was that she hadn’t.
I agree with both Malcolm X and MLK on their beliefs in a need for change during that time. Im sure if they were alive today however, that they may be somewhat dissatisfied with how we are now treating one another. As Dr. Bankole said there is always a conspiracy behind why we know as the younger generations know what we know and are blinded from the things that we can’t know. I just wish i had more time to find out about the things that i dont know because those seem to be the most interesting things to learn about!
LeShae Philyaw (logged in via Facebook)
I am happy to have a better understanding of what the civil rights was actually about. It makes me appreciate what other people have done for us so that we can move forward and progress in our lives. There still are those individuals who want things handed to them but does not realize what their ancestors went through to get them where they are today. A person such as Marcus garvey believed in racial improvement meaning that we should be superior to the white race. His idea was for us to become stronger before interacticing with another race. Dr.King was a great leader who wanted to get his point across without violence. He had many followers who wanted change and equality and would pursue it until they got what they wanted. I feel that with our generation today they are lazy when it comes to completing the dream of those great leaders who sacrificed everything they could for us. We lack guidence and unity when it comes to certain situations like these. We are still fighting against people today for our place in society and it should not still be like that.
Everyone could clearly see that Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X went different routes when trying to promote change, and sum may feel the need to side with only one of these magnificent men. However, I personally believe that because there styles were completely different and because one was stand off-ish while the other more take charge that these were the reasons why things were more attainable. Opposites are magnetic so, with both of these leaders going after the same cause while taken different routes only meant greatness. While Dr. King and Malcolm X may have highlighted this era they were not the only ones who stood up and demanded change. For example, Harriet Tubman and those like her who did heroic deeds that she did. There is no way that you could mention Dr. King name and others of his era without speaking of those before them. Honestly the Harriet Tubman’s in my eyes set the stage and actually have me thinking, what if they never knew they deserved better, where would we be?
During the Civil Rights Era you also had the Black Panthers. The Black Panthers were a non-violent organization that were basically for the people by the people. They were associated with violence because during this time the media was in full force and would photograph and televise Black Panthers with guns. During this time everyone carried guns so truth be told all of America were not ready to see African Americans gathered together in peace, in unity with afros, guns, and with a message that being the fist in the air which was the Black Panthers symbol. Because all of America was not ready for this reality, that is why the Black Panthers were said to be Black angry people who hated white people and wanted to see them all dead. If you did just a little research it is enough to change a thought forever especially after you continue to feed it.
I just want to say that I am very happy that I had the opportunity to be taught the right way and to not be fed lies and opinions as I was up until this point. I am very grateful that I had the opportunity to meet Dr. Bankole-Medina and I will take everything I learned from this class and pass them on to my family and peers. I know for a fact that I will talk about you to my children and grandchildren and as of now I don’t have no kids at all so you can see the long-lasting impression you have left on me. Thank you!
Too many people have lost their lives since reconstruction to the civil rights movement just to have basic human rights.Its still hard to believe the things that happened to them just to get the same education or even eat in the same resturant as white people but they came together in masses especially during the civil rights struggle. With leaders like Malcom X by any means necessary or Martin luther kings non violence movement they w ere all fighting for the same cause It’s sad that our youth of today take what people died for , for granted ..
Malcolm X and ML K fought for equal rights, MLK was arrested 30+ times but that did not stop him. MLK died doing this, things have changed but today segregation still exists till this day. what will it take? its almost like the US is designed to keep black folk down.
Through my readings on Civil Rights for homework and doing research in my free time, i have learned that although the movement was a painful and trailed journey, this generation has benefit from all the things our ancestors went through. I have observed that the characteristics that both Malcolm X and MLK had are some of the essential traits we need in our black men today to be leaders. These men serve as examples and role models to our young men today because we do not have many current leader to do so. This makes me appreciate our culture and take pride in knowing what we have accomplished and having men like Malcom X and Martin Luther King as people we aspire to make proud.
Reading my assignment about Civil Rights I gained insight about the movement that I will always remember. I went to the MLK’s march and it was a proud time in my life.The non-violence that MLK preached aboutwould make it a better world and not just for Blacks, but for all people and to me it gavethe of feeling of being safe.Malcolm X was another eloquent,passionate,and courageous
outspoken champion of black people.These men along withcountless others women included are truly a God-Send.Each person or groupsuch as MLK,Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael, the Black Panther Party,and Angela Davis just to name a few had their own unif way of doing things and expressing which tells me that their will always be more than one solution to solving different situations. I want very much to take this time to thank -you for opening my mind and my eyes to my history.
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